新概念英语4 Lesson 21 William S. Hart and the early "Western film"学习笔
原文:William S. Hart was, perhaps, the greatest of all Western stars,for unlike Gary Cooper and John Wayne he appeared in nothing but Westerns. From 1914 to 1924 he was supremeand unchallenged.
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威廉.S.哈特大概是美国西部电影明星中的佼佼者。他和加里.古柏、约翰.韦恩不同,他只在西部电影中扮演角色。在1914年至1924年期间,他首屈一指,独霸影坛。
1)for 在此处引导一个原因状语从句。它所引导的原因状语从句主要是给出新的信息,原因只是顺带说一下。该连词引导的从句从不出现在句首,而且也不能单独使用,且常用于较正式的文体,eg:
I decided to stop and have lunch--for I was feeling hungry.
我决定停下来,吃午饭一一我觉得饿了.
2) nothing but 仅仅,只是
eg: Their advice turned out to be nothing but garbage. 他们的意见仅仅是废话
3) supreme [sʊˈpriːm] adj. (级别或地位)最高的;(程度)很大的
eg:Reclusive life, in the traditional conception, seems to have always been regarded as the supreme state of happiness.
隐逸的生活似乎在传统意识中一直被认为是幸福的至高境界。
原文:It was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and devisedthe protagonisthe played in every film he made, the good-bad man, the accidental-noble outlaw, or the honest-but-framedcowboy, or the sheriff made suspect by viciousgossip; in short, the individualin conflict withhimself and his frontier environment.
在1914年至1924年期间,他首屈一指,独霸影坛。正是他创造了西部电影的基调,即在他自己的拍摄的影片中他所塑造的主人公形象:被认为是坏人的好人,出人意料的高尚的逃犯,诚实却遭陷害的牛仔或因流言蜚语蒙受嫌疑的司法官。总之,主人公是一个自相矛盾,又与他的拓荒环境相矛盾的人物。
4)该句为强调句结构,所强调的部分是该句的主语 Hart。正常结构应该是:Hart created the basic formula ...and devised the...
who引导的是定语从句,修饰Hart。 he played in every film he made作定语修饰 protagonist
he made 定语,修饰every film, 意即“在他自己拍摄的影片中他所塑造的主人公”
the good-bad man,the individual...environment为protagonist 的同位语。
made suspect by vicious gossip 为过去分词作定语修饰 the sheriff, 等于who was made suspect by vicious gossip, 该短语中的 suspect 作主语 who 的补足语。
in conflict with...environment 为介词短语作定语, 修饰 the individual。
in conflict with 与......发生矛盾,与......冲突
eg: You may have been in conflict with yourself over whether to call it a day, or keep battling on in the hope that things will improve.
你可能会与自己做斗争,是结束呢,还是在事情可能会好转的希望下继续战斗。
in short 总而言之,一句话
eg: In short, stop trying to force me to do what you want me to do.
简而言之,不要试图强迫我做您想让我做的事情。
5)devise [dɪ'vaɪz] v. 设计;制定;发明;创造
eg: Beforehe had time to devise any other method of assisting them, an absolute breach between the sisters had taken place.
还没等他想出别的法子来帮助他们,那姊妹俩已经彻底决裂了。
n.【法】遗赠财产的遗嘱(或其中的条款);【法】遗赠的财产
protagonist [prəʊˈtæɡənɪst] n. 主角;(比赛、斗争中的)主要人物;(政策、运动的)倡导者
eg: The protagonist was a married man in love with his wife.
主人公是个深爱其妻的已婚男子。
outlaw[ˈaʊtˌlɔː] n. 逃犯 v. 宣布…不合法;使…成为非法;(旧时)剥夺(某人的)法律权益
eg: I feel like a stranger in the land where I was born and I live like an outlaw.
我觉得自己像一个陌生人在土地我出生的地方,而我就像一个非法居住。
frame [freɪm] v. 陷害;计划;编制;构造
eg: He said he was framed by his ex-wife. 他说他受到了前妻的诬陷。
n. 框架;【机】架;【影视】画面;【园】温床
adj. 木结构的
vicious ['vɪʃəs] adj. 狂暴的;残酷的;凶猛危险的;充满仇恨的
eg:
High commodity prices have created something of a vicious circle by adding to the expense and difficulty of expanding output.
高企的商品价格为扩大生产增加了费用和难度,从而造成了恶性循环。
原文:Unlike most of his contemporaries in Hollywood, Hart actually knew something of the old West. 哈特与大部分同时代在好莱坞的演员不同,他确实了解西部早期拓荒生活的一些情况。
6) the old West 指密西西比河以西地区。
原文:He had lived in itas a childwhenit was already disappearing, and his hero was firmly rooted inhis memories and experiences, and in both the history and the mythologyof the vanished frontier. 作为一个孩子他曾在西部生活过,当时西部拓荒生活正在消失。他塑造的英雄人物深深地扎根于他本人的记忆和经历之中,也扎根于有关已经消失的拓荒生活的历史和神话之中。
7) it 指 the old West。
as a child 孩提时期。
when 引导时间状语从句,该从句中的it 也指 the old West。从句中使用过去进行时表示当时西部的拓荒生活已经开始消失。
his hero 指他所塑造的影片主人公。
8) be rooted in 扎根于,根源在于
eg: The Olympic concept of "higher, faster and stronger" is deeply rooted in the heart of the peoples of the world.
奥林匹克“更高、更快、更强”的理念已深深根植于世界人民的心中.
mythology [mɪˈθɒlədʒi] n. (统称)神话;某文化(或社会等)的神话;虚幻的想法;错误的观点
eg: Primitive mythology and religion, in fact, were different form of same ideological system, which ought to be traced back to the same origin.
而原始神话与原始宗教也是同一意识场域的不同表现形式,在发生渊源上具有同根性。
vanish ['vænɪʃ] v. 销声匿迹;(突然)消失;隐没;完全消失
eg: I thought it was going to rain. But the black cloud vanish. It turned out to be a fine day.
我原以为天要下雨的,可是云消失了,是个好天。
原文:And although no period or place in American history has been more absurdlyromanticized, myth and reality did join handsin at least one arena, the conflict between the individual and encroachingcivilization.
虽然在美国历史上没有任何时期或地区像西部拓荒时期那样被荒谬地浪漫主义化了,但神话和事实至少在某一个舞台上共存,也就是存在于个人与渐渐闯入的文明这两者的冲突之中。
9) although引导的是让步状语从句,用否定词 no+副词的比较级more absurdly 强调“只有西部拓荒时期才被荒谬地浪漫主义化了”,表示最高级,eg:
No writeris more adventurous thanMark Twain.
没有哪个作家比马克·吐温更有冒险精神。
the conflict between... civilization 作arena的同位语,意思是“神话和事实至少在某一个舞台上共存,也就是存在于个人与渐渐闯入的文明这两者的冲突之中”。
10) absurdly[əbˈsɜː(r)dli] adv. 愚蠢地;不合理地;荒唐地
eg: We've found that the best way to deal with the fact that market sentiment can change so quickly is to try to own absurdly cheap things.
我们发现,对付市场情绪快速变化的最好方式是,试着持有一些难以想象的便宜货。
romanticize [rəʊˈmæntɪsaɪz] v. 使浪漫化;使传奇化;使更加富有吸引力
eg: It is okay to romanticize things a little bit every now and then: it gives you hope.
当然,罗曼蒂克的东西也应该不时出现:它能给予人希望。
join hands 携手联合
eg: China stands ready to join hands with all countries to build an even better future for the generations to come.
中国愿同各国携手努力,共同为子孙后代创造更加美好的未来!
encroach [ɪnˈkrəʊtʃ] v. 侵蚀;侵占(某人的时间);侵犯(某人的权利);扰乱(某人的生活)~ (on/upon sth)
eg: She has no right to encroach on my time. 她没有权利占用我的时间。
原文:Men accustomed to struggling for survival against the elements and Indians were bewildered bypoliticians, bankers and businessmen, and unhorsed byfences, laws and alien taboos.
习惯与大自然和印第安人作斗争以求生存的拓荒者被政客、银行家和商人搞得晕头转向,最后被圈地、尖律我外来的清规戒律所击败。
11) accustomed to... Indians 作定语,修饰Men。
be accustomed to习惯于,该短语中的 to 是介词, 后面只能跟名词或动名词,eg:
We're all accustomed to thinking that we have to put something into our body (like vitamins) to improve our health.
我们习惯认为必须摄入一些东西到体内(如维他命)来改善健康。
12) against the elements and Indians 为介词短语作定语,修饰struggling。
be bewildered by 被......所困感
bewilder [bɪˈwɪldə(r)] v. 使迷惑;使糊涂
eg: The child is bewilder by the noise and the crowd. 孩子让噪声和人群给弄得晕头转向。
13) and unhorsed by 与 were bewildered by 为该句的并列谓语, unhorsed 前面省略了 were。由于西部英雄都是骑在马上的,所以在此处 unhorsed by 指“被赶下了马”也就是说“被击败”。
alien ['eɪliən] adj. 格格不入;陌生的;不熟悉;外国的; 外来的; (~ to sb/sth 陌生的;不熟悉)
eg:
"This is a South Africa I don't know, " he said. "The country became pleasantly alien to me. "
“这是一个我不了解的南非,”他说,“对我来说,南非国家变得陌生了,但这种感觉愉快。”
n. 外国人;外侨;外星生物
v. 〈诗〉疏远;离间;【法】(所有权的)让渡
taboo [təˈbuː] n. 避讳;戒律;禁止 v. 列为禁忌;禁止
eg: The breaking of a taboo is usually upsetting or embarrassing for the person concerned .
打破禁忌经常会令相关的人生气或尴尬。
原文:Hart's good-bad man was always an outsider, always one of thedisinherited, and if he found it necessary to shoot a sheriff or rob a bank along the way, his early audiences found it easy to understand and forgive, especially when it was Hart who,in the end, overcame the attacking Indians.
哈特扮演的被误为坏人的好人总是一个局外人,总是一个被剥夺继承权的人。如果他认为在进行过程中有必要枪击一个司法官或抢劫一个银行,他的早期观众很容易接受,觉得应该原谅他,特别是当哈特最后战胜了前来进攻的印第安人时,观众更能原谅他。
14) an outsider 局外人, the disinherited 被剥夺继承权的人。
英语中定冠词 the+形容词常用来表示“某类人”
eg:the rich(富人)、the poor(穷人),the blind(盲人)
disinherit [.dɪsɪn'herɪt] v. 剥夺(某人)的继承权
eg: You can disinherit your children. 你可以剥夺子女的继承权。
15) he found it necessary to shoot a sheriff or rob a bank 以段 his early audiences found it easy to understand and forgive 中的it为先行宾语,后面的动词不定式为真正的宾语。it 后面的形容词 necessary 和 easy 为宾语补足语。
16)in the end 最终,相当于finally
eg:In the end, the one thing that matters is how much companies can earn.
最终,公司能盈利多少成为了一件重要的事情。
原文:Audiences in the second decade of the twentieth century found it pleasant to escape to a time when life, though hard, was relatively simple.
生活在20世纪20年代的观众认为,逃到一个即使艰苦但比较简朴的时代中去是件愉快的事。
17) in the second decade of 为介词短语,作定语,修饰Audiences。
found it pleasant to escape to a time 中的 it 为先行宾语, 真正的宾语是动词不定式 to escape to a time, 形容词pleasant 为宾语补足语。
when引导的是定语从句,修饰 a time。
though hard 作让步状语, though 和 hard 之间省略了 life was。
原文:We still do; living in a world in which undeclaredaggression, war, hypocrisy [hɪˈpɒkrəsi], chicanery[ʃɪ'keɪnəri], anarchy [ˈænə(r)ki] and impendingimmolation [ˌɪmə'leɪʃ(ə)n] are part of our daily lives, we all want a codeto live by.
我们今天仍有这种感觉。如今,不宣而战的侵略、战争、虚伪、诈骗、无政府状态以及即将临头的毁灭成了我们日常生活的一部分,我们都希望有一个赖以生存的行为准则。
18) We still do指前文中的 found it pleasant... simple,意思是“我们今天仍有这种感觉”。
living in a world in which... our daily lives 为现在分词短语,作原因状语。
a code 准则,to live by 作定语, 修饰 a code
live by 靠…为生;住在…附近
eg:
Compassion is such an incredibly important law of life that everyone should try to live by.
同情是一条不可估量的重要的“人生法则”,每个人都应该遵循其规律。
19) undeclared [ˌʌndɪˈkleə(r)d] adj. 未承认的;未声明的;未申报的
eg: Allegations of undeclared conflicts of interest are taken very seriously by WHO, and are immediately investigated.
世卫组织非常严肃地对待关于未申报利益冲突的指控,并立即开展调查。
hypocrisy [hɪˈpɒkrəsi] n. 虚伪,伪善 hypocritical [.hɪpə'krɪtɪk(ə)l] adj. 伪善的
eg:Through them I discovered that thought is often full of unconscious prejudice, ignorance, and hypocrisy.
通过他们我发现思考通常是充满了无意识的偏见、无知和虚伪的。
chicanery[ʃɪ'keɪnəri] n. 欺诈;诈骗;欺骗
eg: Despite careful oversight, even virtual worlds are not immune to financial chicanery.
尽管有谨慎的监管,虚拟世界也不能免于金融欺诈。
anarchy [ˈænə(r)ki] n. 无政府状态;混乱;无法无天anarchic [əˈnɑː(r)kɪk] adj. 无政府(主义)的
eg:The big newsrooms that I called seemed to be in a state of productive anarchy.
我打电话到一些比较大的新闻编辑部,发现它们似乎都陷入了无政府状态。
impending [ɪm'pendɪŋ] adj. [ɪm'pendɪŋ] 即将发生的;迫在眉睫的
eg:Even under the impending edge of the knife of disaster, he might be able to think more.
即使是灾难的刀锋快架到他头上来,他还能多想想.
impend [ɪm'pend] v.(事件,危险等)逼近;即将临头;吊(在上头)
eg:
This very recklessness makes me feel that these costly operations may be only the prelude
to far larger events which impend on land.
这种孤注一掷的作法,使我感到这些代价重大的战役,也许正是陆上即将发生远为重大事件的一个前奏。
immolation [ˌɪmə'leɪʃ(ə)n] n. 殉葬;牺牲品
eg: Carmilla suffered the fate of immolation by sunlight. 卡蜜拉惨遭被献祭于烈日之下的命运。
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